The
hair dye/cancer connection
20 February, 2013
By
Staff Writer
NYR Natural News
NYR Natural News
A recent newspaper article proclaimed that hair dyes are a
cancer risk.
The ‘study’, which was reported on in the UK’s Daily Mail,was funded by a
company about to launch its own brand of ‘safer’ hair dyes and was not
all that impressive – but the link between hair dye use and cancer is one
that has been studied for years and should not be ignored.
In a culture obsessed with youth and beauty, grey hairs are the
enemy and today’s hair dyes are marketed as being as good for your self-esteem
as they are for your hair. But underneath the advertising hype is a disturbing
amount of data linking regular hair dye use with a range of different cancers.
First you have to damage your hair…
To achieve luscious shades of chestnut brown, coppery red,
mahogany or black, permanent hair dyes must first chemically damage your hair.
Under a microscope, the cuticle of human hair looks like overlapping fish
scales. The pigment molecules that give hair its colour are stored in the
cortex of the hair, beneath this scaly layer. Before the colour can penetrate
the hair shaft, the cuticle, must be ‘opened’ so that chemicals can get in to
the natural pigment molecules.
Permanent hair dyes consist of a two components – colour and
developer. The colour component usually contains a range of synthetic dyes and
intermediates that such as ammonia, diaminobenzenes, phenylenediamines,
resorcinol and phenols.
Mixed with the developer – usually hydrogen peroxide – the
colour component begins to oxidise to produce a particular colour. The ammonia
in the mix causes the hair shaft to swell, forcing the cuticles apart and
allowing the mix to deposit the new colour underneath. Ammonia free formulas
may smell nicer, but they simply replace ammonia with another chemical that
does the same job.
The process of oxidation takes time, which is
why the formula usually looks one colour when you first apply it and another
when your rinse it off.
Harmful colours
Toxic ingredients like diaminotoulene,
diaminoanisole were removed from hair dye products some 20 years ago but it is
likely that past use of dyes containing these chemicals is a cause of some
cases of breast cancer today. But a quick label scan most hair dyes reveals
that they contain chemicals, most commonlyphenylenediamines which are just as
harmful. The type of phenylenediamine used depends on the end colour, thus:
·
para-phenylenediamine (black)
·
para-toluenediamine (brown)
·
ortho-phenylenediamine (Brown)
·
para-aminophenol (reddish brown)
·
ortho-aminophenol (light brown)
Other hair dye ingredients have also proven
carcinogenic in at least one animal species including: 4-chloro-m-phenylenediamine,
2,4-toluenediamine, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol. Regulation varies, but
some of these have now been banned in hair colourants in some countries. Coal
tar dyes have been also found to cause cancer in laboratory animals, yet no
warning is required for these either.
These ingredients and their variations
(usually HCl, hydrochloride or sulphates e.g. para-phenylenediamine sulfate)
are powerful irritants and have been implicated in severe allergic reactions
(phenylenediamines are also mutagenic (causing DNA mutations and fetal
abnormalities in animal studies). Other irritant ingredients include hydrogen peroxide, resorcinol and 1-naphthol. Hair dye sold in the
European Union containing any of these ingredients needs to carry a warning:
“Can cause an allergic reaction. Do not use to
colour eyelashes or eyebrows.”
In the US products containing 4-methoxy-m-phenylenediamine
(4-MMPD, 2,4-diaminoanisole) must also carry a warning:
“Contains an ingredient that can penetrate your skin and has been
determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals.”
No such warning is required for this ingredient in the EU.
In the US the long commercial use of many hair dye
chemicals, especially coal tars, has allowed manufacturers to successfully
argue that they cannot be withdrawn from the marketplace.
In the EU in 2007 over 100 hair dye substances
suspected of toxicity were banned pending documentation supporting their safety
for use. By 2009 44 of these had been put back on the market. In 2010 a further 179 hair colouring chemicals were
banned within the EU. But many of banned colours were less
commonly used substances and plenty of toxins remain in our hair dyes and of
course long-term users will have been exposed to those colourants that were
eventually deemed dangerous and taken off the market.
Other hair dye ingredients such as chlorides are highly
irritating to the mucus membranes. Chloride fumes can irritate the lungs and
eyes and cause burns or rashes on the skin.
Hair colours also contain several penetration
enhancers known the aid the absorption of other toxic chemicals into the
bloodstream. These include can include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, fatty acids such as oleic, palmiticand lauric acid and isopropyl alcohol to name but a few.
More cancer
Both human and animal studies show that the body rapidly absorbs
the carcinogens and other chemicals in permanent and semi-permanent dyes
through the skin during the more then 30 minutes that dyes remain on the scalp.
So if you use permanent, semi-permanent, shampoo-in or temporary hair colours
you are increasing your risk of developing cancer.
Problems with hair dyes were first noted in
the late 1970s when several studies found links between the use of hair dyes
and breast cancer. In 1976 one study reported that 87 of 100 breast cancer patients had been long-term hair dye users.
In 1979, another study found a significant
relationship between the frequency and duration of hair dye use and breast
cancer. Women who started dying their hair at age 20 had twice the risk of
40-year-olds. Those at greatest risk were the 50 to
79 year olds who had been dying their hair for years, suggesting
that the cancer takes years to develop.
A year later another study found that women who dye their hair to change its colour, rather than masking
greyness, were at a threefold risk of developing breast cancer. The
same study found that women with a history of benign breast disease had a much
greater risk of developing breast cancer if they died their hair.
In addition, people who work as hairdressers
are at increased risk. One 2001 study found that those who had worked for 10 or
more years as hairdressers or barbers had a
fivefold risk of bladder cancer compared to the general
population.
Research continued and in the early 1990s Japanese and Scandinavian studies also linked hair dye use with
leukaemia and ovarian cancer.
An early Harvard study suggested that compared
to women who had never dyed their hair, women who dyed their hair one to four times a year had a 70% increased
risk for ovarian cancer. Women who used hair dye five times or more
per year had twice the risk of developing ovarian cancer compared to women who
never used hair dye.
A recent review found what it called “alarming
data” pointing toward a link between hair-dye use in pregnancy and the development of several childhood malignancies in
offspring. The authors recommended that “Concerned pregnant women should avoid
all hair colouring”.
But also more rare cancers
But it is the link with otherwise uncommon cancers that causes
the greatest concern, and may well be the best evidence of hair dye toxicity.
Evidence suggests, for example, that if you
use hair dye you may be increasing your risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and
multiple myeloma anywhere from twoto four times over a
non-user. Some researchers even believe that hair dyes may account for as many
as 20% of all cases of NHL in women.
Other data from the 1992 National Cancer Institute (NCI) found that women who used
permanent hair dyes had a 50% higher risk for developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
and an 80% higher risk of multiple myeloma than non-users.
In this study other cancer risk factors, such as family history
of cancer, cigarette smoking, and herbicide or pesticide exposure, did not
change the risks calculated for hair dye use and the risk increased with the
number of years of use and for women using black, brown and red colouring
products.
In 2008 Yale researchers found that women who
used hair dye 6-9 times a year were at 60% greater risk of developing lymphocytic leukaemia.
As a general rule, the darker the shade of the dye, this higher
the risk of breast cancer; thus women who use black, dark brown or red dyes are
at the greatest risk.
Men at risk too
While women were once the main users of hair
dyes, use among men has increased dramatically in the last few decades, and
with it the incidence of rare cancers. According to the National Cancer
Institute hair dye use is responsible fora 90% increased risk of multiple myeloma among men.
This result echoed that of an earlier NCI
study which showed that men who had used hair dyes had a two-fold risk for
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and almost double the risk of leukaemia.
No problem?
Hair dye manufacturers continue to defend the
safety of their products, suggesting that any risk is ‘minimal’. It is true
that some studies dispute the cancer risk. One which involved 1500 men and
women hair dye users in San Francisco found no increased incidence of NHL.
In fairness, there are problems with studies into hair dye and
cancer risk. Some involve small numbers of women working in the cosmetic
industry. Historically this group of women are exposed to the known carcinogens
in hair dyes – diaminotoulene, diaminoanisole, and phenylenediamines, coal tar
dyes, the dioxane found in detergents, solvents, nitrosamines and
formaldehyde-releasing preservatives – in much greater concentration than the
rest of us.
Another difficulty is that there are large variations in the
chemical content of hair dyes. This means that when an association is found it
difficult to know which ingredient or mix of ingredients is the culprit. In
addition, cancer is a slow-developing disease in humans. By the time it
surfaces, it is difficult to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that one
particular exposure was the cause.
However, the weight of the evidence, clearly suggests a need for
caution.
Try this instead
You can tint your hair with natural substances like henna, but
if you want to permanently dye your hair there aren’t really any ‘natural’
alternatives. Look closely at the labels of ‘natural’ hair colours and
you will find the same harsh colours – with a bit of added natural
vegetable oil. If you intend to keep dying your hair consider some damage
limitation:
·
Read the label. If you dye your hair use the safer alternatives that are
currently on the market. These should not contain phenylenediamines (though many
so-called natural hair colours do). Never buy products that are in any way
unclear about their ingredients.
·
Read the label again. This time look for dyes. Avoid products which use colours
like Acid Orange 87, Solvent Brown 44, Acid Blue 168 and Acid Violet 73 these
are also carcinogenic.
·
Don’t dye your hair too often. Leave the maximum
amount of time in between applications.
·
Leave hair dyes on the head for
the minimum required time.
·
Highlights and lowlights, professionally done, can give hair depth
without a massive change in colour and may be a better way to deal with
emerging greys (at least for a while!).
·
Hair colourants made entirely from plant-based ingredients are the safest choice
however these are few and far between. Pure herbal hair dyes will not
dramatically change the colour of your hair, they are not permanent and don’t
cover grey well. They will need to be left in the hair significantly longer
then synthetic dyes, but have the advantage of conditioning the hair while they
colour.
·
Go natural. In a world of look-alike bleach blondes and unnaturally
red redheads you’ll probably be the standout.
